A quick recap.

Fears are swirling that the UK could be pushed into recession by high interest rates, despite a welcome drop in inflation this morning.

The UK’s annual inflation rate fell sharply to 6.8% in July, from 7.9% in June, as the drop in energy prices over the past year led to the smallest increase in the cost of living since February 2022.

Despite the large fall in the consumer prices index (CPI), the government’s preferred measure of inflation, analysts said the outlook was not improving rapidly enough to prevent further interest rate increases from the Bank of England.

Dr George Dibb, head of IPPR’s Centre for Economic Justice, warned that higher borrowing costs would hit growth, saying:

“It’s good news that headline inflation is lower, especially with energy bills coming down, but there is a very real risk that a recession may soon overtake price rises as the main economic concern.

The financial markets are indicating that another rate hike, in September, is nailed on – probably lifting Bank rate from 5.25% to 5.5%, on the way to a peak of 6% next February.

The drop in CPI means that for the first time since autumn 2021, prices are increasing less rapidly than wages, which rose by 8.2% year on year in the three months to June, adding to pressure on Bank policymakers to increase rates for a 15th time since December 2021 when they meet next month.

The ONS said the main reason behind July’s fall was that the big jump in gas and electricity bills in the same month last year had not been repeated, although there was a decline in annual food inflation last month to below 15%.

Matthew Corder, the ONS deputy director of prices, said:

“Inflation slowed markedly for the second consecutive month, driven by falls in the price of gas and electricity as the reduction in the energy price cap came into effect. Although remaining high, food price inflation has also eased again, particularly for milk, bread and cereal.”

But core inflation, which strips out volatile items such as fuel and food, was unchanged at 6.9% last month. Service sector inflation, closely watched by Threadneedle Street as an indicator of domestically generated price pressure, picked up from 7.2% to 7.4%.

Here’s the full story:

Some economists warned that the government could still miss its target of halving inflation by the end of this year.

Prime minister Rishi Sunak told ITV News:

“I’m not complacent about this at all.

“When I set out that target, people said – that’s easy, he’s not ambitious enough – I don’t think it was, I think it’s an ambitious target.

“It might make people feel better in the short term to borrow lots of money to do lots of things but it would also mean that prices stay higher for longer and mortgage rates stay higher for longer and I’m not going to do that.”

Chancellor Jeremy Hunt warned that the battle against inflation wasn’t over, saying:

While price rises are slowing, we’re not at the finish line.

Shadow chancellor Rachel Reeves pointed out that UK inflation was higher than many other major economies, adding:

“After 13 years of economic chaos and incompetence under the Conservatives, working people are worse off”.

Rishi Sunak said his goal of halving inflation by the end of the year was “an ambitious target”, as analysts question whether he will hit it.

The Prime Minister told ITV News that he wasn’t complacent about the goal, and echoed John Glen’s argument this morning that borrowing and spending more would be inflationary.

Sunak said:

“When I set out that target, people said – that’s easy, he’s not ambitious enough – I don’t think it was, I think it’s an ambitious target.

“It might make people feel better in the short term to borrow lots of money to do lots of things but it would also mean that prices stay higher for longer and mortgage rates stay higher for longer and I’m not going to do that.”

The IFS aren’t the only ones suggesting UK inflation might not fall to around 5% by the end of the year (as covered earlier), to hit Sunak’s goal [CPI rose by 10.5% in December 2022].

The Resolution Foundation’s research director James Smith said that accelerating pay growth will make even the Prime Minister’s promise to halve inflation hard to meet, warning:

“Inflation has fallen rapidly over the past six months, but the UK still has the highest rate in the G7 and the Bank faces a daunting task in further taming price pressures.”

Although inflation fell in July, there were still some sharp price increases.

Among food, for example, sugar prices are 54.5% higher than in July 2022 while olive oil costs 41.5% more and fruit and vegetable juices are over 20% pricier.

Gas prices were 1.7% higher than a year ago, thanks to a 25% drop in prices between June and July as the lower energy price cap kicked in.

Among clothing, women’s shoes were 5.5% more expensive, ahead of a 4% rise in men’s footwear.

New cookers cost 10.5% more than last year, while glasswear was 1.9% cheaper, and new cars cost 4.4% more.

Here’s a full breakdown of the inflation report:

The Institute for Fiscal Studies, though, is not convinced that Sunak will hit his pledge to halve inflation by the end of 2023.

Heidi Karjalainen, a research economist at the IFS, says the higher-than-expected core inflation (6.9% in July) suggests Sunak’s promise is at risk.

Karjalainen says:

The Prime Minister’s target to halve the rate of inflation by the end of the year was always a little odd as there is only so much the Treasury can do to influence the pace of price increases.

When the target was set, the Prime Minister may have hoped he could rely on falling in energy prices to do most of the work to hit it. However, the stubbornly high rate of price inflation for goods and services other than food and energy has put the target in jeopardy.

With only 4 months to go, it no longer seems at all clear that inflation at the end of the year will have fallen by enough to achieve it.”

Karjalainen suggests that rapid wage growth in the private sector could push core inflation rates upwards, and points out that petrol prices are also rising again this month.

Today’s inflation report means that national rail fares will rise by less than 9% next year, but it’s not clear yet quite how much extra passengers will pay.

July’s retail prices index measure of inflation, or RPI, rose by 9.0% in the last year, the ONS reported this morning.

Although RPI is a discredited measure, it is used to price many price increases – and traditionally, rail fare increases have been based on the July RPI reading.

However, the government said yesterday that any rail fare increase will be below RPI, matching their policy a year ago (when fares rose in line with wages).

This morning, Treasury minister John Glen told Sky News that the increase for 2024 hasn’t been decided yet.

Glen said:

“We have said that we will keep it below inflation. Obviously I will be working closely with Mark Harper, the Secretary of State, on what mechanism to use.

But there are tough decisions now around how to use his budget in a way that suits commuters and suits the economy as a whole, delicate difficult decisions. We have not come to the end of that discussion yet.”

The Green Party has urged ministers to freeze rail prices.

Their co-leader, Adrian Ramsay, said yesterday:

“This government is moving in completely the wrong direction. Fuel duty has been frozen since 2011, while air passenger duty cuts this year will be a disaster for the climate crisis by encouraging people to fly more.

“This is despite the fact UK rail passengers are already paying more to travel by train [2] than flying and are faced with some of the most expensive tickets in Europe.

John Glen, chief secretary to the Treasury, has agreed that UK inflation is still ‘too high’.

Speaking to Radio 4’s Today programme, Glen says:

I recognise that whilst this is great progress today, inflation is too high.

Getting inflation down, and halving it this year, is the government’s top priority, Glen says, insisting:

We’re on track to do that.

Q: Inflation has come down because global oil and food prices have fallen. What in the government’s plan has contributed to inflation coming down today?

Glen argues that the government’s fiscal responsibility has helped….

Well, I certainly think if if I was deciding as Chief Secretary, with the Chancellor and Prime Minister, to borrow a lot more money or to spend a lot more money, it would have an effect.

Q: That’s something you haven’t done…what have you actually done that has contributed to the fall in inflation?

Glen argues that keeping a grip on the financial purse strings is an active choice, when there are pressures to spend more.

As he puts it:

I can tell you, to hold to the budgets that we set out in the spending review in an inflationary environment when there are massive calls to spend money all the time is an active choice.

Glen claims the opposition are “going to spend a lot more, and borrow a lot more”.

Although inflation has fallen, the UK now faces a “high” risk of recession, warns the IPPR thinktank.

The IPPR fears that the recent increases in UK interest rates, to a 15-year high of 5.25%, will drag the economy into a contraction.

Dr George Dibb, head of IPPR’s Centre for Economic Justice, said:

“It’s good news that headline inflation is lower, especially with energy bills coming down, but there is a very real risk that a recession may soon overtake price rises as the main economic concern.

Other countries have brought inflation under control quicker than in the UK, with more support for households and workers avoiding unnecessary pain.

The financial markets are expecting another increase in UK interest rates, in September, to at least 5.5%, with rates forecast to hit 6% by early next year.

But, as Dibb points out, monetary policy operates with a lag – so another hike could simply “kill” the recovery:

“Interest rate hikes take up to a year and a half to fully filter through to the economy. One year from now, ‘pass the parcel inflation’ might be over, but further interest rates might also have killed the recovery - there are already signs of falling consumer confidence and rising unemployment.

“Even today it’s important to note that while inflation might be falling, prices are not. Households are still struggling with high prices, especially those on the lowest incomes. By supporting households and businesses with energy costs, making businesses play their part, and supporting renters, countries like Spain have shown that inflation can be brought down without the economy going into tailspin.”

Worryingly, core inflation was a little higher than hoped last month.

Core CPI inflation, which strips out energy, food, alcohol and tobacco, rose by 6.9% in the 12 months to July 2023.

That’s slightly higher than the 6.8% which economists expected.

Although annual goods inflation slowed, from 8.5% to 6.1%, services inflation increased to 7.4% to 7.2%.

Oliver Blackbourn, multi asset portfolio manager at Janus Henderson Investors, warns that core inflation “remains stubbornly high” at 6.9% and is now slightly above the headline level.

Blackbourn adds:

This presents a headache for the Bank of England (BoE) as it will want to see this less volatile measure decline to suggest that cost pressures are sustainably returning to target.

“Core inflation suggests a stickier underlying inflation dynamic as services cost growth continued to accelerate.

Inflation is measured using a wide basket of goods, to track how the cost of living changed.

Here’s the key changes, that pulled annual inflation down to 6.8% in the year to July.

• Food and non-alcoholic beverages: 14.8%, down from 17.3% in June

• Alcoholic beverages and tobacco: 9.4%, up from 9.2% in June

• Clothing and footwear: 6.6%, down from 7.2% in June

• Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels: 6.8%, down from 12.0% in June

• Furniture, household equipment and maintenance: 6.2%, down from 6.5% in June

• Health: 8.9%, up from 8.2% in June

• Transport: -2.0%, down from -1.8% in June

• Communication: 7.1%, down from 9.5% in June

• Recreation and culture: 6.5%, down from 6.7% in June

• Education: 3.2%, matching June’s 3.2%

• Restaurants and hotels: 9.6%, up from 9.5% in June

• Miscellaneous goods and services: 6.0%, down from 6.5% in June

Political reaction to this morning’s inflation report is flooding in.

Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt claims the government’s ‘decisive action’ has pulled inflation down, saying:

“The decisive action we’ve taken to tackle inflation is working, and the rate now stands at its lowest level since February last year.

“But while price rises are slowing, we’re not at the finish line.

“We must stick to our plan to halve inflation this year and get it back to the 2% target as soon as possible.”

But shadow chancellor Rachel Reeves points out that inflation is still high, and also “higher than many other major economies”.

Reeves adds:

“After 13 years of economic chaos and incompetence under the Conservatives, working people are worse off – with higher energy bills and prices in the shops.

“Labour’s plan to build a strong economy will make working people better off by boosting growth, improving living standards and cutting household bills.”

Food inflation slowed last month, but prices are still sharply higher than a year ago.

Food and non-alcoholic beverage prices rose by 0.1% between June and July 2023, compared with a rise of 2.3% between the same two months a year ago.

That pulled the annual rate of inflation for food and non-alcoholic beverages to 14.8% in July, down from 17.3% in the year to June.

The easing in the annual rate was widespread, with inflation falling in 10 of the 11 areas of food and drink products, the ONS says.

Three of the ten classes also saw a fall in monthly price between June and July 2023, including milk, cheese and eggs – reflecting recent milk price cuts by supermarkets.

The second-largest downward contribution came from the bread and cereals category, where annual inflation slowed to 9.8% from 11.4% in June.

Falling gas and electricity prices provided the largest downward contributions to UK inflation in July.

That’s because the UK’s energy price cap was lowered at the start of July, to £2,074 a year for a typical household, below the government’s energy price guarantee of £2,500 per year.

The ONS says:

Prices of gas fell by 25.2% between June and July this year, but rose by 0.1% between the same two months a year ago.

Prices of electricity fell by 8.6% between June and July this year but rose by 0.4% between the same two months a year ago.

Newsflash: The UK’s inflation rate has fallen to its lowest level since spring 2022, the start of the Ukraine war.

The Consumer Prices Index rose by 6.8% in the year to July, the Office for National Statistics reports, down from 7.9% in June, meeting City economists’ expectations.

That’s the lowest inflation rate since February 2022, and further from the peak of 11.1% set last October.

But it still leaves inflation well over the Bank of England’s target of 2%.

More to follow…

Good morning, and welcome to our rolling coverage of business, the financial markets and the world economy.

The UK may get some respite in the cost of living squeeze today, but inflationary pressures are not over.

The latest inflation report, due at 7am, is expected to show that prices rose at a slower rate in July, partly because households benefited from the drop in the energy price cap last month,

Economists predict the annual rate of inflation slowed in July, to around 6.8%, down from June’s 7.9%. That would be the lowest rate of price rises since spring 2022.

Yesterday we learned that basic pay is rising at the fastest rate in at least two decades, with regular wages rising by 7.8% in the April-June quarter. So today could bring a welcome return of rising real wages.

That would be a relief for workers, but could also encourage the Bank of England to raise interest rates.

And it’s important to remember that falling inflation does not mean prices are falling – simply that they are rising less sharply, compared to a year ago.

Henk Potts, market strategist at Barclays Private Bank, sets the scene…

“We expect the UK July inflation print to show a further moderation in price pressures. We anticipate headline consumer price index (CPI) to ease to 6.7% year on year, compared to the 7.9% increase registered in June. In our view the deceleration should primarily be driven by an easing of energy prices and reflect the decrease in the Ofgem price cap.

“We would also expect food, alcohol and tobacco price rises to continue to slow due to lower producer prices. We expect less progress to be made in services, where pricing is strong and wage growth continues to be robust.

“Despite the improvement in price pressures, the Bank of England is not yet in a position to declare a cessation of hostilities with its battle with inflation. We estimate that UK inflation will remain above the 2% target through 2024 and therefore expect a further quarter-point rate increase at the Monetary Policy Committee’s September meeting.”

The agenda

• 7am BST: UK inflation report for July

• 9.30am BST: UK house prices and rents data

• 10am BST: Eurozone GDP report for Q2 2023

• 11am BST: Ireland’s residential property prices data

• 1.30pm BST: US housing starts data

• 7pm BST: US Federal Reserve releases minutes of its last meeting