That’s it from me in Detroit. Here are some of the key takeaways from tonight:

• Joe Biden and Kamala Harris repeatedly came under attack from their lower-polling opponents for their records on criminal justice and proposals on health care.
• Biden seemed to fend off the attacks more successfully than he did last time around, but expectations were pretty low for the former vice president following his dismal first performance.
• In one memorable exchange, Biden and Cory Booker criticized each other for their records on criminal justice. Booker blamed Biden for the effects of the 1994 crime bill, while Biden said Booker had not done enough as mayor of Newark.
• The fall debate seemed to loom large over tonight’s stage. Several candidates are at risk of not making the cut for the next debate, and attacking Harris and Biden appeared to be at least partly meant to attract more interest and donors.

The live blog will be back online tomorrow morning with our usual coverage, so be sure to return for that. And thanks for following along with our live coverage tonight and last night.

The progressive group Democracy for America put out a statement declaring, “The real winner of tonight’s debate was Tuesday night’s debate.”

“On Tuesday, Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren not only delivered strong performances, they teamed up to articulate a bold, inclusive populist vision for the future of the country that Democrats need to beat Trump AND deliver a transformative win in 2020,” the group’s CEO, Yvette Simpson, said. “We didn’t get that tonight.”

Simpson specifically said Joe Biden and Kamala Harris had fallen short on the debate stage. “Joe Biden repeatedly showed that he’s our party’s past, and failed to get the big win he needed to solidify his status as frontrunner. He was embattled by many challengers, which led to forced errors that will be difficult to recover from.

“Kamala Harris struggled and will likely emerge from Detroit weakened by her failure to fully defend her record on criminal justice reform and her overly-complicated, ‘Medicare for All’ plan that was easily attacked from all sides.”

Donald Trump once again weighed in on the debates to unsurprisingly argue that he is the only candidate who can continue America’s prosperity.

Ironically, the message came hours after the Federal Reserve cut interest rates to reflect the slowing growth of the US economy.

Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders may not have been debating tonight, but they still weighed heavily on Twitter’s mind. They were among the most-tweeted about candidates tonight:

The closing remarks are over, and the snap verdicts are in.

Overall the wind seems to be blowing in Cory Booker’s favor after he took Joe Biden to task, but not everyone agrees:

Meanwhile, some viewers called it for a candidate who wasn’t on stage:

And get ready for this, Trump’s campaign manager is calling it for – can you guess?

Immediately after the debate ended, pundits started making the case that Joe Biden had done ... better at least?

After the former vice president’s disastrous first performance, expectations were pretty low going into tonight. But he did manage to fend off some of his opponents’ attacks, partly by accusing them of trying to simply attract attention by bashing him.

“I love your affection for me,” Biden sarcastically told Bill de Blasio after the New York mayor tried to launch yet another line of attack against him.

It’s hard to tell what Biden’s strategy will be for the fall debate, when many of these struggling candidates will have likely dropped out. But it’s worth noting that Biden has yet to face off against an opponent who has already guaranteed her spot in the next debate: Elizabeth Warren.

Cory Booker argued that Democrats had to look beyond simply defeating Donald Trump. “That is the floor and not the ceiling,” Booker said, adding that Democrats had to unit around their “common bonds and common purpose.”

Kamala Harris took direct aim at Trump, saying the president has a “predatory nature and predatory instincts.” She once again argued she was the best person to “prosecute the case against four more years.”

Joe Biden said the country was “in a battle for the soul of America” and warned that four more years of Trump would change America “in a fundamental way.”

In her closing statement, Tulsi Gabbard recounted the false missile alert that Hawaii residents received last year.

Julián Castro re-upped his promise to help Americans say “adios” to Donald Trump.

Andrew Yang argued he would be the best candidate to help America combat the threat of automaton.

Tonight’s debate has followed the pattern established last night of running long. It was originally set to end at 10:30 p.m. EDT, but closing statements are just beginning now.

Gillibrand’s 2020 communications director has tweeted the article the senator was quoting from to question Biden on his support for women working outside the home.

Gillibrand questioned Biden about an article apparently published under his name in 1981 headlined “Congress Is Subsidizing Deterioration of Family” about a childcare tax credit that would have allowed more women into the workplace.

Biden said he opposed the credit because it would have helped higher income families who didn’t need financial assistance.

After Michael Bennet expressed concern that Democrats were focusing too much on impeachment, Julián Castro pushed back that some members of their party were “spooked” by 1998, when Bill Clinton was impeached by congressional Republicans.

But Castro argued that the times have changed since that 1998 debate and that Democrats must act because Donald Trump would take inaction as evidence of his innocence.

Castro also accused Republicans, including “Moscow Mitch,” of enabling the president.

Still on the topic of foreign policy and America’s ongoing wars, Jay Inslee noted that he voted against the Iraq War as a congressman.

Moderator Jake Tapper then turned to Joe Biden, who voted in favor of invading Iraq. “I did make a bad judgment” on trusting former president George W. Bush, Biden said.

Cory Booker said he would not do “foreign policy by tweet” as Donald Trump has done, but he refused to commit to a timeline on pulling US troops out of Afghanistan.

“I will bring our troops home, and I will bring them home as quickly as possible,” Booker said, rejecting any “artificial deadline” that could worsen the situation.

Here’s how long each candidate has spoken so far, courtesy of CNN

The conversation has turned to the gender pay gap.

Andrew Yang argued that his proposal for universal basic income would help to compensate women for the “unrecognized and uncompensated work” they do in society.

Kamala Harris cited statistics on how women of different races face different pay gaps, with women of color facing steeper differentials. Demanding action, Harris said, “I’m done with the conversation.”

Cory Booker has been praised after becoming the first candidate to bring up voter suppression.

Author, and Guardian contributor, Ibram X. Kendi, notes:

Meanwhile, the journalist Lauren Duca applauded Booker’s passion:

It took awhile for the first mention of voter suppression but there has still been no formal question on the topic, as Mother Jones’s Ari Berman has pointed out:

Joe Biden said he would “renegotiate” the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade deal that he promoted as Barack Obama’s vice president.

When pushed by Bill de Blasio whether Biden would involve labor in those discussions, the former veep responded simply, “Yes.”

He then mocked de Blasio for repeatedly trying to pick a fight with him. “I love your affection for me,” Biden said.

The Guardian’s Oliver Laughland – who has covered the Eric Garner case that has been the subject of several impassioned exchanges tonight – writes:

Watching the candidates spar over the local and federal response to the in custody death of Eric Garner is a sobering reminder that it has been over five years since the 43 year-old African American was killed by NYPD officers in Staten Island.

Garner’s mother, Gwen Carr, was in the beginning stages of her fight for accountability during the Democratic primary season four years ago, when she addressed the Democratic Convention as Hillary Clinton accepted the party’s nomination.

But, to this day, Carr and the rest of the Garner family have received no justice.

New York City mayor Bill de Blasio was met with chants of “fire Pantaleo” as he began his opening pitch on tonight’s debate stage - a reference to the fact that officer Daniel Pantaleo remains employed by the NYPD, despite having placed Garner in a banned chokehold that contributed to his death.

Julian Castro was the first candidate to bring the case up arguing “that police officer should be off the streets”.

De Blasio was invited to respond to this, and instantly blamed the federal government, which earlier this month announced Pantaleo would not be charged in a federal civil rights case.

De Blasio has long argued that the city of New York could not pursue disciplinary action against Pantaleo until the federal case had been resolved. This is an entirely false characterization, and one that has frustrated both the Garner family and Black Lives Matter activists around the country.

The mayor did make a newsworthy comment on the case, however, suggesting that a decision in the long overdue disciplinary that was finally taken to an administrative trial last month, could be delivered within 30 days. The highest punishment Pantaelo faces is losing his job.

Julián Castro argued Donald Trump was taking credit for the success of the US economy when that credit actually belonged to his precessor.

“Thank you, Barack Obama!” Castro, who served as Obama’s housing and urban development secretary, said.

Just before CNN went to a commercial break, Cory Booker managed to become the first candidate to get in a reference to voter suppression.

“We lost the state of Michigan because everybody from Republicans to Russians were targeting the suppression of African American voters,” the New Jersey senator said. “We need to say that.”

Donald Trump has weighed in on the Democratic debate by repeating his totally false claim that the Obama administration initiated the policy of separating migrant families at the border:

The water contamination crisis in Flint, Michigan, has entered the discussion.

Julián Castro noted that he helped Flint residents get water filters while he was serving as housing and urban development secretary.

But he noted that water contamination is “still a major problem out there” and pledged to invest $50 billion to remove lead as a major health threat.

The Guardian’s environment reporter Emily Holden writes:

Although the first climate question came late in the debate, it was more sophisticated than last night’s.

Yesterday CNN host Dana Bash asked moderate candidate John Delaney to explain why the Green New Deal – a radical plan to tackle climate change with considerable support among progressive Democrats – is unrealistic.

Tonight Bash noted that scientists say the world needs to cut all carbon emissions by 2050, asking Washington governor Jay Inslee – who has primarily run on a message of tackling the climate crisis – to explain why he thinks it is America’s most pressing problem.

Inslee quickly attacked Joe Biden’s climate crisis plan for not being serious enough.

Biden vowed his administration would phase out both fracking of natural gas and coal, saying “we would work it out.”

“We cannot work it out,” Inslee said. “Our house is on fire.”

Tech entrepreneur Andrew Yang said any plan will be too late and the US should both fight heat-trapping emissions and start moving people to higher ground.

Kamala Harris also appeared to endorse going carbon-neutral by 2030, far earlier than other candidates.

The Guardian’s Sam Levin and Lois Beckett have reported on how Kamala Harris’s record as a prosecutor in California complicates her progressive image, which provides some useful context on Tulsi Gabbard’s attacks on Harris over her record as California attorney general.

As the nation watches the frontrunner Joe Biden get torn into by almost everyone on stage, the polling guru Nate Silver over at 538 makes the point that the Twitter reaction to the pile-on might not represent Democrat voters in the nation at large.

Jay Inslee and Joe Biden argued about the intricacies of their climate change policies, with Inslee claiming Biden’s proposal did not go far enough.

Inslee said Biden was turning a blind eye to the research proving that significant changes need to be enacted immediately. “Your argument is not with me; it’s with science,” Inslee told Biden.

When he was pushed on whether fossil fuels would have a role under his plan, Biden clumsily replied, “We would work it out.”

“We cannot work it out,” Inslee shot back. “Our time is up. The house is on fire.”

Kirsten Gillibrand said that it was the responsibility of white candidates to address racial issues in this election.

Referencing the death of Trayvon Martin, Gillibrand talked about the effect of white privilege and said that whiteness should not be what protects American children.

Cory Booker has been tearing into Joe Biden over criminal justice, and while he hasn’t quite matched Kamala Harris’ “That little girl was me” moment from the first round of debates, he has come prepped with some zingers.

As they clashed over their records, Booker said: “Mr Vice President, there’s a saying in my community: you’re dipping into the Kool Aid and you don’t even know the flavor”

Here’s the moment:

Booker’s deconstruction of Biden has won him points among some commentators:

The Guardian’s environment reporter Emily Holden is highlighting the lack of discussion of the climate crisis

Julián Castro was asked what he would do as president to help cities like Baltimore, which Donald Trump recently attacked in racist terms.

He started his answer by specifically calling out Trump’s comments. “The president is a racist, and that was just one more example of it,” Castro said.

He went on to explain how he would invest in cities’ educational and housing systems.

Asked why he would be the best candidate to “heal the racial divide in America,” Michael Bennet argued that the country could draw a straight line from slavery to Jim Crow to redlining to mass incarceration.

He then called for educational reform to improve public schools and disrupt the school-to-prison pipeline.

Tulsi Gabbard repeatedly attacked Kamala Harris on her record as the attorney general of California.

The Hawaii congresswoman’s attacks are just her latest criticisms against Harris since the last debate.

The Guardian’s environment reporter Emily Holden writes:

More than an hour into the debate, moderators have yet to ask candidates about the climate crisis.

They spent most of the time on health care, before moving to immigration, in a pattern previous debates have followed.

Only Jay Inslee has even mentioned climate. He dedicated his entire opening statement to rising global temperatures and the serious threats they pose to America.

“If we make defeating the climate crisis the top priority of the United State we will have a fighting chance to save ourselves and our childrens’ future. It has to be our top priority,” Inslee said, touting his plans for a national mobilization toward clean energy. “We are at a tipping point and whether we shrink from this challenge or rise to it is the vital question of our time.”

A recent Pew poll notes Democrats see climate change as the most important foreign policy issue: “Among seven global issues included in a new survey, climate change ranks as the top international threat among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (84% say it is major threat) and the lowest-ranked threat among Republicans and Republican leaners (27%).”

Well, that’s going to go viral in the bad way.

In the middle of a heated discussion about immigration, Don Lemon turned to Kirsten Gillibrand and asked for her response to the points made by Joe Biden and Cory Booker.

Her initial response? A pause followed by “Um...”

Kamala Harris is receiving considerable heat online for “demoting” Joe Biden by referring to him as senator rather than his higher rank of vice president earlier in the debate

Harris did correct herself. But some speculated Harris may have been retaliating for Biden calling her “kid” when the pair took to the stage

Jay Inslee has landed his first big line of the night, saying America needs to no longer have a “white nationalist” in the White House.

That line could help boost the Washington governor’s campaign as he strives to make it to the fall debate.

Quick note: Joe Biden seems to be at a slight disadvantage by actually adhering to moderators’ admonishments about time limits.

As moderators have repeatedly interjected to say his time was up, Biden has generally stopped speaking. Meanwhile, his opponents, including Kamala Harris, have taken ... a slightly different approach.

The debate has turned to the issue of immigration, specifically the decriminalization of border crossings.

Michael Bennet does not support decriminalization, while noting that the issue is “personal” for him because of his mother’s immigrant history as a Holocaust refugee.

The moderators then turned to Kamala Harris, who does support decriminalization. But the California senator deftly redirected the debate to the Trump administration’s treatment of migrant children, an issue that all the Democrats can agree upon.

It seems the timing of the release of Kamala Harris’s health care plan was a masterstroke. It became the starting point for this debate and set the early terms of it. The California senator looked like the incumbent as all the others, including even Joe Biden, try to take pot shots.

Harris swatted aside Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard, who claimed Kathleen Sebelius wrote the plan; Harris pointed out Sebelius merely endorsed it; Gabbard swallowed hard, realising her blunder. Harris was also able to recycle a line from last night, accusing Michael Bennet of using Republican talking points. “You gotta stop,” she said.

The CNN moderators are sticking with their strategy from last night of trying to draw the candidates into fights against each other.

After Bill de Blasio argued that Democrats needed to argue in favor of changing the status quo, Jake Tapper asked the New York mayor to clarify who he felt was falling short on that. De Blasio responded that Michael Bennet was being “absolutely inaccurate” about taxes.

Michael Bennet also went back and forth with Kamala Harris about her health care plan, even as the two Democratic senators referred to each other as “my friend.”

Echoing the discussion last night, Harris argued that other Democrats were repeating “Republican talking points” about Americans potentially losing their private health insurance under Medicare-for-all proposals.

So far, almost the entire health care debate has centered around Harris’ proposal, allowing her to dominate the discussion.

The protesters who interrupted Cory Booker seem to have been chanting “Fire Pantaleo” – referencing Daniel Pantaleo, the officer who put Eric Garner in a chokehold leading up to his death.

The Department of Justice recently announced it would not be bringing charges against Pantaleo. The decision on whether or not he now keeps his job will be taken on Thursday.

Here’s the moment:

This is how Rashad Robinson, president of the civil rights group Color of Change responded:

Kamala Harris deflected a criticism from Tulsi Gabbard, clarifying that former HHS secretary Kathleen Sebelius did not write her plan but simply endorsed it.

She then turned her attention back to Joe Biden. Harris seems intent on making this event a one-on-one debate between her and the former vice president.

Kamala Harris invoked the endorsement of former HHS secretary Kathleen Sebelius, the architect of Obamacare, to defend her health care proposal. She also accused Joe Biden of trying to maintain the status quo in the health care industry.

He shot back that his plan would build on the success of Obamacare without overhauling the entire system.

The two front-runners have so far dominated the debate and directed their comments squarely at each other.

Joe Biden keeps hammering on the cost of his opponents’ health care plans, arguing that their proposals are fiscally irresponsible.

But Democratic voters in recent election cycles have not seemed very concerned with warnings about the spiraling US debt.

Michael Bennet used his opening statement to denounce the Trump administration for, among other things, its treatment of migrant children.

Jay Inslee emphasized his focus on the climate crisis, arguing that we are the “last, best hope” to save humanity and the planet.

Kirsten Gillibrand touted her accomplishments as a member of Congress, saying she disregards any notion of “impossible” goals.

Tulsi Gabbard noted her time spent serving in the military and described her definition of patriotism.

Julián Castro promised to make America “better than its ever been” as president.

Andrew Yang slammed Amazon for contributing to the closure of small businesses and returned to his winning line: “The opposite of Donald Trump is an Asian man who likes math.”

Not everyone has been a big fan of CNN’s dramatic opening montage featuring all the candidates, with some people comparing it to a sports show, not a political debate.

An NBC News reporter noted that Joe Biden’s opening line to Kamala Harris -- “Go easy on me, kid” -- comes 11 years after Sarah Palin kicked off her vice presidential debate against Biden by asking, “Can I call you Joe?”

Several journalists noted that Joe Biden’s first words to Kamala Harris as they took the stage sounded like, “Go easy on me, kid.”

It should be an interesting night ...

Roughly 22 hours after Elizabeth Warren unleashed the line of the night against John Delaney, the former congressman’s team has come out with a response.

Last night, Warren told Delaney, “I don’t understand why anybody goes to all the trouble of running for president of the United States just to talk about what we really can’t do and shouldn’t fight for.”

And now ... zing! Delaney’s team has belatedly retorted in a statement: “I don’t understand why anyone goes through the trouble of running for President if they either can’t explain how their plans work or can’t honestly debate their ideas without reverting to accusing people who disagree with them of reciting Republican talking points. The media should ask Senator Sanders and Senator Warren why they’re so scared to debate the merits of their plans.”

The Guardian’s environment reporter Emily Holden writes:

Candidates might not dive deeply on environmental proposals tonight, although Jay Inslee has promised to make sure they focus on the climate crisis.

But if they are looking for ideas for clean and safe water, a group of Great Lakes governors has a blueprint for them. It’s signed by the governors of Michigan – where the debate is – and Illinois, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

They’re mostly looking for funding for infrastructure for drinking water, wastewater and stormwater.

The region also has a history of pollution from the industries based there over the years. The governors want more money to work on cleanups and stop invasive species.

They want help reducing the nutrient pollution that causes the harmful algal blooms that make water undrinkable. And they say they want “financial resources and leadership in establishing drinking water standards,” for PFAS chemicals from the federal government.

The president’s eldest son has also jumped into the pre-debate chatter, reminding his Twitter followers of when Donald Trump made a reference to hand size during a 2016 debate in Detroit:

The debate hasn’t even started, and one of its participants is already complaining that the format is rigged.

In a Twitter thread attributed to Tulsi Gabbard’s sister, the Hawaii congresswoman’s campaign claimed last night’s debate was “lopsided” in favor of certain candidates and suggested CNN should not be allowed to host future debates.

She

Just like last night, there will be candidates onstage tonight looking to have a breakout moment capable of launching them to the fall debate stage.

The heightened requirements for the next debate, which is set for September, mean far fewer candidates are expected to qualify.

In order to make the cut for this week’s debates, candidates had to either attract at least 1 percent of support in three separate polls or receive contributions from 65,000 unique donors.

For the fall debate, he Democratic National Committee has both doubled each requirement and made both of them necessary to qualify. So every candidate who makes the cut for September has to have both registered at 2 percent or more in four polls and received contributions from 130,000 donors.

Only seven candidates have so far crossed both thresholds: Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, Kamala Harris, Pete Buttigieg, Beto O’Rourke and Cory Booker.

Two other candidates onstage tonight – Andrew Yang and Julián Castro – have met the donor requirement but not the polling qualification.

So seven of the ten candidates participating tonight will go into the debate knowing that it could be their last chance to make an impression on Democratic voters. That is sure to weigh heavily on those candidates and could push them to confront top-polling candidates like Biden and Harris.

Much ado has been made about Joe Biden’s role in crafting a “tough on crime” bill in 1994.

The former vice president has been confronted about the legislation, which was signed into law by President Bill Clinton, as part of the debate over criminal justice reform.

So what did the bill do and why is it controversial?

The proposal was intended to reverse rising crime and implemented mandatory minimum prison sentences for nonviolent drug offenders. Research since has shown the legislation led to mass incarceration and disproportionately targeted the African American community.

Biden was not alone in supporting the bill. Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders has said he regrets voting for it, telling CNN earlier this week: “No, I’m not happy I voted for a terrible bill.”

Hillary Clinton was also dogged by the bill in 2016 and struggled to defend it.

There were, however, some positives that came from the legislation, such as the Violence Against Women’s Act, of which Biden was also an author.

But Biden has refused to acknowledge its problems, claiming the 1994 bill “did not generate mass incarceration.”

As Democrats debate just an hour from the lead crisis in Flint, Michigan, at least one of them has a water scandal lurking in his past.

One of Cory Booker’s “biggest policy nightmares,” according to Politico’s archives, was the corruption surrounding the Newark Watershed while he was mayor.

The Newark Watershed Conservation and Development Corporation was accused of “staggering” corruption,” as the outlet detailed in a string of stories in 2015 and 2016. Multiple senior officials pleaded guilty to accepting millions of dollars in bribes from contractors, and the corporation declared bankruptcy in 2013, with the city taking over its duties.

But a federal judge excluded Booker from a lawsuit over the problems, saying he wasn’t liable because his chairmanship was a function of his elected position.

NJ.com calls the incident “one of the bigger blemishes of Booker’s tenure.”

Newark now is dealing with its own lead problems, from old pipes and problems at a city water treatment plant, the publication noted.

Detroit offers some respite for those feeling Democratic debate overload. On Wednesday there was a steady flow of people at the Motown Museum, gazing at Diana Ross’s dress and entering the famed Studio A to walk among the ghosts of the Temptations, Marvin Gaye and the Four Tops. The Supremes first sang “Stop in the Name of Love” here and the 1877 Steinway grand piano was retuned with the help of Paul McCartney.

Not that politics is ever entirely escapable. The museum notes that Martin Luther King delivered his original “I have a dream” speech in Detroit before its more celebrated incarnation in Washington.

There are displays about Nelson Mandela, who found the music of Motown inspirational during the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, and Jesse Jackson, a former Democratic candidate for president. Oprah Winfrey is quoted saying how the Supremes changed her perspective on the possibilities for African American women.

And a wall of the Motown label’s album covers is striking because the first four lack photos of the artists – it was feared that, since they were black, DJs would decline to play them.

Bernie Sanders’ campaign said in a statement that the candidate has raised more than $1 million from over 70,000 contributions since his debate performance last night.

“Bernie Sanders commanded the debate, his vision and ideas dominated the stage, and he left absolutely no doubt that he is the best candidate ready to take this fight to Donald Trump and finally bring the change we need to America,” campaign manager Faiz Shakir said in a statement.

The figures are sure to spark envy among Sanders’ many competitors who have not yet qualified for the fall debate. One of the requirements is to attract at least 130,000 unique donors.

But Sanders’ fundraising haul was almost certainly aided by the sale of stickers reading, “I wrote the damn bill!” The line about Medicare-for-all was arguably Sanders’ most successful moment last night, and he quickly moved to capitalize on it. Candidates tonight will be looking to do the same.

In the immediate run-up to his debate tonight, Joe Biden made an important announcement: he is now on Snapchat.

The former vice president’s Snapchat was turned over to one of his senior advisers, Symone Sanders, and his granddaughter Finn in the hours before the debate. It also showed some footage of Biden walking through the debate site in Detroit.

Immigrant rights protesters have blocked Detroit’s Windsor Tunnel, which connects the city to Canada, to demand that 2020 Democrats commit to ending deportations.

The immigrants’ rights group Movimiento Cosecha said 21 protesters were arrested and hundreds more were marching to the debate site.

“A vague commitment to support immigration reform is an empty promise that we cannot accept,” said Carlos Rojas, a Cosecha spokesperson. “The immigrant community has learned this lesson and we will not let candidates get away with another round of empty promises.”

Another spokesperson, Cindy Gamboa, noted Detroit’s proximity to a border meant a heightened presence of immigration officers. “Immigrants live in constant fear of being stopped by agents because of the color of their skin and once they notice you are driving without a driver license it very often it leads to detention and deportation.”