It’s over! Donald Trump has been elected the 47th president of the United States, with Associated Press declaring he has reached the 270-electoral college vote threshold to return to office by winning Wisconsin.

It’s a stunning political resurrection that sent shockwaves through America and around the world, my colleague David Smith writes from Washington DC.

Trump becomes the first convicted criminal to win the White House. At 78 he is also the oldest person ever elected to the office.

The result will sound alarm bells in foreign capitals given Trump’s chaotic leadership style and overtures to authoritarians such as Vladimir Putin of Russia and Kim Jong-un of North Korea. He was branded a threat to democracy and even a fascist by his opponent, Vice-President Kamala Harris, and some of his own former White House officials.

Yet the American electorate proved willing to push such concerns aside and hand the nuclear codes to the property developer turned reality TV star for a second time.

Here’s the full story:

Shares in some European renewable energy stocks have dropped today, after Donald Trump claimed victory in the US presidential election.

Nordex, which designs, sells and manufactures wind turbines, are down 6.4% in morning trading.

Vestas Wind Systems, the Danish wind turbine maker, have dropped by 8%.

Trump has pledged to boost US oil production and reportedly offered to tear up environmental regulations if oil companies supported his campaign, and has also called wind energy “bullshit” and “disgusting”.

German solar energy producer SMA Solar Technology are down 10.4%.

Commodity traders began pricing in the likelihood of a Trump election victory overnight, causing the price of industrial metals and commodities to slump as fears of a “tit-for-tat global trade war” began to rise.

The Bloomberg Commodity Index lost close to one percent overnight as a “Trump 2.0” scenario became increasingly likely. A Trump election victory is expected to bring in US import tariffs, particularly targeting China, which could hurt global demand for industrial materials such as copper and iron ore.

Ole Hansen, the head of commodity trading at Saxo, said:

“The anticipation of strained trade relations has stoked concerns over future demand, with metals markets reacting strongly to the heightened uncertainty.”

Commodities are also understood to have traded lower due to rising strength of the US currency, which makes dollar-denominated trades more expensive on the global market. The global oil price slumped by almost 1.5% to just below $74.50 a barrel.

“Crude oil has also moved lower, pressured by the possibility that a tit-for-tat global trade war could dampen demand and add strain to an already weak market outlook projected for 2025,” Hansen explained, adding:

“This anticipated decline in demand for oil and related products stems from concerns that an increase in tariffs may slow global economic growth, thereby lowering demand for energy.”

Elon Musk was one of Donald Trump’s more vocal supporters in the election, and investors reckon he’s going to reap the benefits.

Shares in Musk’s electric car market Tesla are up 13% in pre-market trading.

John Plassard, senior investment specialist at Mirabaud Group, says it’s worth keeping a very close eye on Tesla’s share price when Wall Street tradiing begins in 4.5 hours.

Plassard says:

Elon Musk’s presence on X (ex-Twitter) and in the media has made it impossible to dissociate him from Donald Trump’s presidential campaign. We dare imagine that the future government could give him a “helping hand” for certain new contracts.

Shares in Donald Trump’s social media empire have surged by over a third in pre-market trading.

Trump Media & Technology Group are up 36%, in the premarket.

They had a volatile day yesterday, dropping 12% at one stage before recovering to finish the day down just 1%.

TMTG shares then jumped in after-hours trading after it surprised investors by reporting a heavy loss and a fall in sales in a surprise stock market filing last night.

Donald Trump’s victory will ensure a lower tax environment that should boost sentiment and spending in the near term, analysts at ING say.

However, promised tariffs, immigration controls and higher borrowing costs will increasingly become headwinds through his presidential term, they add.

In a research note this morning, ING say:

In the near term, the prospect of lower taxes and a pro-business environment should keep sentiment relatively firm and risk appetite buoyant. We have long argued that high-income households have been the key driver of consumer spending growth given inflation has been less of a constraint relative to low-income households, rising asset prices have boosted wealth and high interest rates have benefited them as they have been receiving 5%+ interest on money market funds while paying perhaps 3.5% or less for their mortgage. If these households keep more of their income, that should help support spending.

At the same time, a clean result with a smooth political transition to the new president will provide clarity and help support sentiment, and in a lower interest rate environment, it could improve economic prospects. For example, companies that delayed investment spending on election/regulatory uncertainty may now be prepared to start putting money to work.

However, the medium and longer-term growth prospects under his presidency are more uncertain. Reduced immigration and forced repatriation could become a major constraint on the US economy, particularly in industries such as agriculture. American-born worker numbers are falling and are a million lower than in 2019. The downtrend in US birthrates suggests little prospect of a demographic-driven turnaround. Employment growth is coming from foreign-born workers, who now make up 19.5% of all US employees. If the foreign-born workforce also shrinks, it could create significant supply-side challenges, driving up wages and inflation. To counteract this, productivity would need to increase substantially. Additionally, fewer active people in the country would mean reduced economic demand.

The London stock market is rallying in early trading.

The FTSE 100 share index has gained 110 points, or 1.36%, to 8283 points, the highest in over a week.

The weaker pound is lifting the share prices of multinational firms (as their dollar earnings are now more valuable in sterling terms).

Equipment rental company Ashtead, which benefits from a stronger US economy, are the top riser on the Footsie share index, up 6.6%, followed by Intercontinental Hotels (+5%), and manufacturing firm Rolls-Royce (+4.6%).

But housebuilder Persimmon is the top faller, down 3.8%, after warning that build cost inflation is beginning to emerge in price negotiations for 2025.

The US dollar is on track for its biggest one-day rise since March 2020, having climbed by 1.5% against a basket of other currencies today.

Kyle Chapman, FX markets analyst at Ballinger Group, says:

“The dollar has rocketed across the board in its best day in four years, as markets position for an inflationary and tariff-heavy future for the US economy. With Georgia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania having been picked up and the NYT projecting a >95% chance of a Trump victory, the market has moved to fully price in a win for the former president.

Chapman adds that the foreign exchange market for major currencies (“G10 FX” in City jargon) is “a bloodbath this morning”.

He explains:

The euro is the worst hit, with markets anticipating that the open, stagnant eurozone economy will face some of the biggest headwinds in staging a recovery. The ECB has become chiefly concerned about growth, and so the negative shock to its open economy should speed up the pace of rate cuts and set in stone a path to stimulative monetary conditions.

Meanwhile, the Canadian dollar has been spared much of the losses, presumably as markets expect a short-term US growth boost to spill over to its northern neighbour.

“If Trump genuinely follows through with his policy offering, this likely puts FX on a path of long-term depreciation throughout his presidency. It sets the stage for a higher neutral Fed funds rate, structurally hotter inflation, trade wars, tariff-based currency depreciation abroad, and lower global growth. In the worst-case scenario where he follows through on all his tax and trade policies, EUR/USD parity is a very probable prospect.”

The US stock market is on track for sharp gains when Wall Street opens, in under seven hours (2.30pm GMT, or 9.30am New York time).

The S&P 500 share index is on track to jump 2%, according to the futures market, with the Russell 2000 index of small companies expected to rally even more sharply, by perhaps 5%.

Bartosz Sawicki, market analyst at fintech Conotoxia, says:

The bullish trend on Wall Street is likely to remain in place through the end of the year. In 2016, Trump’s unexpected win spurred the S&P 500 to rise around 15 percent within four months. However, a similar rally should not be expected this time.

While S&P 500 futures are up over 1.6 percent, investors elsewhere appear cautious, bearing in mind that lifting import tariffs is central to Trump’s economic agenda.

Analysts at Japanese bank Nomura say “Trump 2.0 appears upon us”, and that’s “bad news for Europe”.

Nomura told clients:

Trump winning means tariffs which will adversely affect growth in Europe.

The European Commission is expected to retaliate like-for-like, which could mean higher inflation in the euro area – or, as manufacturing firms’ pricing power is so diminished, as we have been flagging for some time, firms could be forced to absorb these higher costs, which in turn may result in some firms shuttering and unemployment rising, thus weighing more heavily on growth.

Donald Trump is now declaring victory, having been declared the winner in Pennsylvania – putting him on the brink of crossing the 270-electoral vote threshold to become the next president.

Capital Economics have predicted that Trump could introduce his proposed immigration curbs and tariffs via executive action sometime in the second quarter of next year.

They told clients earlier this morning:

Given the slowdown in illegal immigration over the past few months, those curbs may have a slightly smaller impact on the economy than we previously believed but, at the same time, Trump has also been doubling-down on his tariff threats recently, particularly his threats aimed at Mexico.

It remains to be seen whether these tariffs (the 10% to 20% universal tariff and the 60% tariffs on China) can legally be implemented via executive action, whether Trump sees them as a negotiating tactic or a new semi-permanent revenue source, and whether any countries (Canada?) or particular goods (energy?) could be exempted.

As a working assumption, we are minded to reduce our GDP growth forecast between H2 2025 and H1 2026 by roughly 1% and add 1% to our inflation forecast over the same period. We will also probably raise our fed funds rate forecast by 50bp, meaning that the low next year will become 3.50% to 3.75%.

The Mexican peso has hit its lowest level in two years, on anticipation of a Trump victory.

The peso has tumbled by 3.5%, to 20.79 peso to the US dollar, the lowest level since August 2022.

It’s another casualty of the move into Trump trades, as the Republican has threatened to impose high tariffs on Mexican imports.

The pound has dropped towards its lowest level against the US dollar in two months.

Sterling has shed almost two cents against the dollar since the US election results started to come in, and has fallen to $1.2855, down from $1.3041 last night.

That’s only its lowest level in a week (since the pound dropped after the budget), but if it slips much further, it will be the lowest since mid-August.

A second Donald Trump presidency could be bad news for the UK economy, experts fear.

UK growth would be halved in the event Donald Trump wins the US presidential race and imposes the swingeing new tariffs he has threatened, a leading thinktank has warned.

The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) said the protectionist measures planned by the Republican challenger for the White House would result in weaker activity, rising inflation and higher interest rates from the Bank of England.

Ahmet Kaya, a NIESR economist, said that, were Trump to go ahead with a 60% tariff on Chinese goods and a 10% tariff on goods from all other countries, the resulting trade war would lower UK growth by 0.7 percentage points and 0.5 percentage points in the first two years.

Kaya said:

“The UK is a small, open economy and would be one of the countries most affected.”

NIESR has estimated that over two years the UK inflation rate would be 3-4 points higher while interest rates would be 2-3 points higher.

More here:

US government bond yields (the interest rate on American debt) are also surging this morning.

With bond prices falling, the yield on 10-year Treasury bills has jumped by 12 basis points to 4.41%, the highest level since the start of July.

[Reminder: Bond yields rise when the price of the debt falls].

That suggests traders are anticipating that a Trump presidency would lead to higher inflation, and add to America’s already whopping fiscal deficit (leading to more Treasury bills being issued).

Bitcoin has surged to a record high today as investors react to signs that Donald Trump could be on track to win the US presidential election.

The world’s biggest cryptocurrency has gained more than 8% to hit $75,389, exceeding its previous peak in March.

Other crypro assets are also rallying, with ether up over 9%.

Susannah Streeter, head of money and markets at Hargreaves Lansdown, explains:

Elon Musk is a staunch supporter of President Trump and traders are assessing that a second Trump administration see a lighter touch in terms of regulation.

However, although a rally in tech may be on the way, trade tariffs could end up having negative consequences for the sector by potentially exacerbating trade tensions with China and disrupting international supply chains for key components.

Bitcoin has also rocketed to a record high as crypto fans expect a more supportive regulatory environment.

Good morning, and welcome to our rolling coverage of business, the financial markets and the world economy.

A turbulent day in the financial markets lies before us, as traders drive up the value of the dollar – and push down bond prices – as the US election results come in.

As counting continues, the odds of Donald Trump beating Kamala Harris to the White House have tumbled.

The Republican challenger has already won two crucial swing states – Georgia and North Carolina – with the remainder yet to be called.

It now appears the vice-president now cannot win the election without winning the state of Pennsylvania, in which Trump holds a lead, with 90% of the vote counted.

Trump’s early gains have triggered a surge in the value of the US dollar. The greenback has jumped by around 1.5% against a basket of currencies, including strong gains against the pound and the euro.

A Trump victory leads to a stronger dollar, in many traders’ view, because some of his key policies are inflationary. Tax cuts are stimulatory, while new tariffs on US imports would push up consumer prices, and curbs on immigration would lead to fewer workers and thus higher wages.

That environment, the theory goes, leads to higher inflation and thus higher interest rates.

Matthew Ryan, head of market strategy at global financial services firm Ebury, explains:

“The US dollar is trading higher against almost every currency in the world overnight on the news of the big outperformance in the polls from Donald Trump. Not only are markets positioning themselves for a comfortable Trump victory in the electoral college, but the prospect of a Republican controlled Congress, which is key in determining the ability of the incoming president to force policy changes through the US government.

“We’re seeing particularly large sell-offs in emerging market currencies, as investors price in higher US tariffs, elevated geopolitical risks and greater global uncertainty under a Trump presidency.

Democrats had been clinging to hopes throuh the night that they were seeing a Red Mirage – due to rural areas counting votes faster than urban ones – rather than a Red Wave. But Trump does seem to be performing well.

Investors have also been watching the results of congressional elections, to see who ends up controlling Capitol Hill.

And there the Republicans have already made significant gains, retaking the Senate.

It may take some days before we know the outcome for the House of Representatives, though.

Control of both houses allows a president to push through sweeping spending or tax policy shifts, while a divided government makes that process much harder.

Stephen Innes, managing partner at SPI Asset Management, explains:

A Trump White House with a Republican-led Congress could bring a growth surge fueled by tax cuts, deregulation, and big spending—though we’d also likely see higher inflation, steeper interest rates, and a tilt towards trade protectionism. Equities and the dollar would likely rally at first, driven by optimism around corporate earnings.

If Harris takes the presidency but Congress remains split, expect more of the status quo. With fewer bold moves, we’d see minimal economic or market impact. Meanwhile, a Trump win with a divided Congress could introduce a shaky path forward: trade tensions ramp up without the offsetting benefits of fresh tax cuts, adding a layer of uncertainty for equity markets.

The agenda

• 7am GMT: German factory orders for September

• 9am GMT: Eurozone services PMI for October

• 9.30am GMT: UK construction PMI for October

• Noon GMT: The weekly US mortgage application data

• 2.30pm GMT: Treasury committee hearing with Rachel Reeves and top officials on the budget